To measure how well someone can speak and understand a language, we use standardized language proficiency levels. They help learners to aim for realistic objectives, educators to create suitable courses, and employers to select applicants with the required language abilities.
Several frameworks exist to measure someone's level of language comprehension. They categorize language learners based on different factors.
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) Levels
The CEFR is an international guideline that describes language proficiency in six levels, from A1 (beginner) to C2 (mastery). The CEFR is based on the principle of communicative competence, which means the ability to use language effectively in various situations and contexts.
The CEFR levels use “can-do” statements to show the skills that learners have in listening, speaking, reading, and writing at each level. For instance, at the A1 level, learners can greet others, have simple conversations, and follow basic instructions.
At the C2 level, learners can understand virtually everything they hear and read, express themselves spontaneously and fluently, and produce clear and well-structured texts on complex topics. If they're an English learner, they will understand weird things about the English language.
The CEFR is a common benchmark for language education and evaluation, it is popular in Europe and around the world. It can also adjust to various sublevels and profiles to suit the learners’ objectives and requirements.
However, the CEFR is not very specific or detailed, as it does not prescribe how to teach or test language skills, nor does it account for the variations and nuances of different languages and cultures.
Interagency Language Roundtable (ILR) Levels
The ILR scale is a framework that measures language proficiency in five levels, from 0 (no proficiency) to 5 (native or bilingual proficiency). The ILR scale is based on the principle of functional competence, which means the ability to perform specific tasks and functions in a language.
The ILR levels are defined by descriptions of the linguistic features and abilities that learners demonstrate at each level. For example, at level 0, learners cannot communicate in the language.
At level 5, learners have complete and natural command of the language, equivalent to that of an educated native speaker. The ILR scale is mainly used by the US government and military, as it provides a clear and consistent standard for language training, testing, and hiring.
The ILR scale is also precise and detailed, as it specifies the grammatical, lexical, and sociolinguistic aspects of language use, as well as the modes, domains, and genres of communication.
However, the ILR scale is not very flexible or adaptable, as it does not allow for intermediate or partial levels, nor does it account for the diversity and dynamism of language learning and use.
American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) Levels
The ACTFL scale is a framework that assesses language proficiency in five levels, from novice to distinguished. The ACTFL scale is based on the principle of communicative performance, which means the ability to use language in real-world interactions and contexts.
The ACTFL levels are defined by indicators of the quality and quantity of language output that learners produce at each level. For example, at the novice level, learners can communicate with memorized words and phrases, and rely on gestures and visuals.
At the distinguished level, learners can communicate with ease and accuracy, and express themselves creatively and persuasively. The ACTFL scale is mainly used by the US educational system and organizations, as it provides a comprehensive and applicable framework for language learning, teaching, and evaluation.
The ACTFL scale is also flexible and adaptable, as it allows for sublevels and ranges within each level, and covers all four language skills and three modes of communication.
However, the ACTFL scale is not very objective or consistent, as it depends on the interpretation and judgment of the raters, and may vary depending on the task, topic, and audience.
Conclusion
Language proficiency levels are important tools for learners, educators, and employers who want to measure and improve their language skills. The main features and differences of the three frameworks above fine-tune the definition of language proficiency levels.
These frameworks have different purposes, principles, and criteria for assessing language proficiency, and each one has its own advantages and disadvantages. The CEFR is comprehensive and flexible, but not very specific or detailed. The ILR scale is clear and consistent, but not very flexible or adaptable.
The ACTFL scale is comprehensive and applicable, but not very objective or consistent. Learners who want to use these frameworks to improve their language proficiency should be aware of these differences and choose the one that best suits their needs and goals.
They should also use a variety of methods to practice their language skills and seek feedback and guidance from experts. By doing so, they can achieve their desired language proficiency level and enjoy the benefits of mastering a second language.
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